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Whether we speak of veterinary medicine or of human medicine, the fact remains that anatomy is the foundation stone upon which the entire edifice of modern medicine is built. Disease is essentially an impairment of the function of a particular organ. Without an understanding of the anatomy of the organ, scientific treatment is impossible. Thus anatomy is of crucial importance to the veterinarian. As a dog owner, you can have the complete assurance that your veterinarian has profound anatomical knowledge that he uses all the time in his efforts to keep your dog healthy.
Since age determination in dogs mainly by way of the teeth has often proven unreliable, another method has occasionally been suggested. This is based on an examination of the pupils of the eyes. In young dogs, the pupil appears to have a dark, clear, blue color. As the animal gets older, the pupil becomes lighter and whiter in color until in the aged dog the pupil of the normal eye will be quite white. Only by the examination of large numbers of eyes can the age be determined in this manner with any degree of accuracy. It is apparent that this method also can yield at best only approximate results, since it depends too much on the observation of the individual observer and also since older dogs often develop disease conditions that may substantially interfere with an adequate interpretation of the color of the pupil.
Disease is generally considered to be the unfavorable deviation from normal functions. Therefore in order to determine the various indications of disease it is necessary to recognize the signs of good health. Any departure from normalcy might be the beginning of a disease process.
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Most people have peculiar ideas about the feeding of candy or any other form of sweets. It is a common belief that sweets will cause worms in dogs. This is not true. (Something more will be said about this in the section where worms are discussed. ) It is another common notion that sweets, in any form or quantity, are bad for dogs. The fact is that when sweets are fed in moderate quantity they will do no more harm to the dog than they will to the human. The question logically follows: how much is a moderate quantity? The best answer is simply that the dog should be permitted to have an occasional nibble of candy, let us say, as a reward for especially good behavior. If the dog is restricted to this occasional nibble, no harm can result. Of course, if the dog never has candy, it never will be missed.
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For a change, look beyond the labels and advertisements and look into what exactly your dog food contains. What follows is a partial list to help you find out if your dog is getting what he needs in the right amounts.
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Each of the forelimbs is connected to the body by a long, narrow scapula, or shoulder blade. Its lower part, in turn, forms a shoulder joint with the humerus, the upper forelimb bone. The lower forelimb bones, the radius and the ulna, are fused at two points and act as a single bone.
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