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Each of the forelimbs is connected to the body by a long, narrow scapula, or shoulder blade. Its lower part, in turn, forms a shoulder joint with the humerus, the upper forelimb bone. The lower forelimb bones, the radius and the ulna, are fused at two points and act as a single bone.
Just like their masters, dogs are susceptible to allergens inhaled from the air. Pollen from trees, grass, and flowers, dust mites and molds are just some of the common culprits.
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The one basic fact in dog training is that the animal must always be rewarded if it performs correctly and punished if it performs incorrectly. This reward or punishment must be given immediately upon performance, so that the dog can directly associate them with the specific action. If too much time elapses between the action and the expression of reward or punishment, the animal will not associate them with the action. Reward is most often expressed by a kind word, a gentle pat on the head, or the feeding of a tidbit. Punishment is most often expressed by a harsh word, a sharp tug at the leash, or by grasping the animal by the scruff of the neck and letting it know in no uncertain terms that you disapprove. Disapproval also may be expressed by slapping the haunches of the animal with a folded newspaper. However, this procedure often seems to cow the animal and tend to break its spirit, and for this reason it is not generally recommended.
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Conjunctivitis is treated mainly by the application of suitable antiseptics and healing agents, either in liquid or ointment form. Often the veterinarian will inject certain protein substances into the body to assist in the healing process. These substances cause an artificial increase in the production of white blood cells, and these white blood cells are the good soldiers of the blood that help to fight infection. In some cases, bacteriological examinations of the eye discharge may be made in order to identify the causative organisms, and then the specific drugs which can eradicate them may be applied. Such wonder drugs as penicillin, aureomycin and terramycin have proved very useful in these diseases. Where conjunctivitis is a secondary complication, the elimination of the primary condition usually results in the disappearance of the conjunctivitis.
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Children can accidentally swallow fleas that have eggs, causing intense discomfort. Fish can also be an intermediate host – so be careful in eating raw fish. Antiparasitic agents, praziquantel and epsiprantel are both used both by oral medication or injection.
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